What characterizes summative literacy assessment, and when is it appropriate to use it?

• A. Ongoing progress checks.
• B. Evaluates cumulative learning at unit or course end; use to determine mastery and inform placement.
• C. Replaces all formative assessment.
• D. Test only spelling.

Answer: (B)

Summative literacy assessment measures what a student has learned after a learning period, capturing a broad view of skills to judge mastery at the end of a unit or course. It’s used to determine whether students have achieved the expected outcomes and to inform placement or progression decisions. This contrasts with ongoing progress checks, which are formative and help guide teaching during instruction. Summative assessments aren’t meant to replace all formative work; they serve a different purpose by providing a final measure of learning. They also aren’t limited to one skill like spelling; they can cover reading comprehension, writing, vocabulary, and conventions. The most appropriate time to use a summative assessment is at the end of a unit or course to determine mastery and guide decisions about placement or advancement.